An 8-Year Prospective, Observational, Multi-centre Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance Study Conducted in South Korea (2014-2022) Following the Introduction of GSK's Inactivated Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (Fluarix Tetra) for Subjects Aged 6 Months and Older.

INTRODUCTION: Seasonal influenza is associated with substantial public health burden. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of inactivated quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4, Fluarix Tetra, GSK, Belgium) in subjects aged ≥ 6 months in Korea. METHODS: This prospective, observational, non-comparative, multi-centre post-marketing surveillance study was conducted in Korea in subjects aged ≥ 3 years for 6 years (2014-2020) and extended to subjects aged 6-35 months for 4 years (2018-2022). Subjects received IIV4 in routine clinical practice according to local prescribing information. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded over 21 days post-vaccination. RESULTS: The group aged ≥ 3 years included 701 subjects (mean 31.97 years, range 3-86 years, 46.36% male), and the group aged 6-35 months included 687 subjects (mean 16.31 months, 47.02% male). In the group aged ≥ 3 years, 98 subjects (13.98%) reported 140 AEs, of which 42 events in 34 subjects (4.85%) were adverse reactions to vaccine (ARVs). Most of the ARVs were expected, mainly administration site reactions. There were seven mild unexpected ARVs. In the group aged 6-35 months, 248 AEs were reported in 149/687 subjects (21.69%). ARVs were reported in 25/687 subjects (3.64%, 29 events); one was considered unexpected. There were five serious AEs overall, none of which were considered related. CONCLUSION: No safety concerns were found during this surveillance study of IIV4 in subjects aged ≥ 6 months in Korea. The findings of this study suggest IIV4 is safe and well tolerated for use in all age groups with a vaccine indication.

Seasonal influenza is associated with over 5000 deaths annually in Korea, mainly in older adults. Annual vaccination is the most effective way of preventing seasonal influenza. The influenza virus strains in the vaccine are updated each year as the strains circulating change constantly. Monitoring of any unwanted medical incidents (adverse events) after vaccination is required to help assess vaccine safety. In this study, we monitored adverse events reported within 21 days of administration of Fluarix Tetra seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4) in participants aged 6 months and older in Korea over a period of 4­6 years. Of the participants aged ≥ 3 years, 98 (14%) reported 140 adverse events, most commonly infections and infestations (most commonly nasopharyngitis such as the common cold), or general disorders and administration site conditions (most commonly pain or swelling at the injection site). In the participants aged 6­35 months, 149 (22%) reported 248 adverse events, also most commonly infections and infestations (such as the common cold) or general disorders and administration site conditions (most commonly fever or swelling at the injection site). There were five serious adverse events in total (adverse events that are life threatening or require hospitalization), but none of them were related to IIV4. In this study, we did not find any safety concerns for IIV4 in participants aged ≥ 6 months in Korea. The findings of this study suggest IIV4 is safe and well tolerated in all age groups with a vaccine indication.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease Burden in Community-Dwelling and Long-Term Care Facility Older Adults in Europe and the United States: A Prospective Study.

Background: Data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden in adults remain scarce. We assessed the burden of confirmed RSV-acute respiratory infections (cRSV-ARIs) in community-dwelling (CD) adults and those in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods: In this prospective cohort study covering 2 RSV seasons (October 2019-March 2020 and October 2020-June 2021), RSV-ARIs were identified through active surveillance, in medically stable CD-adults ≥50 years (Europe) or adults ≥65 years in LTCFs (Europe and the United States). RSV infection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from combined nasal and throat swabs. Results: Of 1981 adults enrolled, 1251 adults in CD and 664 LTCFs (season 1) and 1223 adults in CD and 494 LTCFs (season 2) were included in the analyses. During season 1, overall incidence rates ([IRs] cases/1000 person-years) and attack rates (ARs) for cRSV-ARIs were 37.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.62-61.35) and 1.84% in adults in CD and 47.85 (CI, 22.58-101.4) and 2.26% in adults in LTCFs. Complications occurred for 17.4% (CD) and 13.3% (LTCFs) of cRSV-ARIs. One cRSV-ARI occurred in season 2 (IR = 2.91 [CI, 0.40-20.97]; AR = 0.20%), without complications. No cRSV-ARIs led to hospitalization or death. Viral pathogens were codetected in ≤17.4% of cRSV-ARIs. Conclusions: RSV is an important cause of disease burden in adults in CD and LTCFs. Despite the observed low severity of cRSV-ARI, our results support the need for RSV prevention strategies among adults ≥50 years old.

A cross-sectional study assessing the pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in subjects aged 1­24 years in the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil

Meningococcal carriage is a prerequisite for invasive infection. This cross-sectional study assessed the pharyngeal carriage prevalence in healthy subjects aged 1­24 years in Embu das Artes city, São Paulo, Brazil. Pharyngeal swabs were examined for the presence of Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were tested for different serogroups using agglutination and polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression model assessed any independent association between Neisseria meningitidis carriage and various risk factors. A total of 87/967 subjects (9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.3­11.0) tested positive for N. meningitidis: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.8­9.4) in 1­4 years, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.1­13.0) in 5­9 years, 12.5% (95% CI: 7.8­18.6) in 10­14 years, 12.6% (95% CI: 7.4­19.7) in 15­19 years and 9% (95% CI: 4.9­14.9) in 20­24 years age groups. Highest carriage prevalence was observed in adolescents 10­19 years old. Serogroup C was predominant (18.4%) followed by serogroup B (12.6%). The 15­19 years age group showed a significant association between number of household members and carriers of N. meningitidis. This cross-sectional study is the first in Brazil to evaluate meningococcal carriage prevalence and associated factors in a wide age range.

Pneumonia hospitalizations of children aged <2 years in Poland before (2013-2016) and after (2017-2018) universal mass vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine.

As infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of pneumonia in children, the World Health Organization recommends childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). In January 2017, PCV universal mass vaccination (UMV) was introduced in Poland for children aged <2 years. The objective of this study was to estimate and describe the trends in the incidences of various types of pneumonia hospitalizations in Poland before (2013-2016) and after (2017-2018) introduction of the UMV program. The study was conducted at the regional hospitals of Opole and Bialystok and included all hospitalized children aged <2 years with a primary or secondary diagnosis of pneumonia in their electronic medical records. Pneumonia diagnoses were identified based on International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) codes for bacterial, viral, and other/unknown-cause pneumonias. The effect of the implementation of PCV UMV was modeled via an inferential multivariate model. Among 4,168 children included in the study, 64.3% were admitted before PCV UMV. The number of radiograph-confirmed likely bacterial pneumonia cases varied between 55 and 176 cases per 100,000 person-years, and no trend was observed over time. However, inferential modeling showed statistically significant decreasing trends in the incidence rates of bacterial-coded pneumonia (28.48%), viral-coded pneumonia (35.36%), all-cause pneumonia (24.60%), and radiograph-confirmed likely non-bacterial pneumonia (24.98%) among children eligible for UMV. This might be the first indication of the impact of the PCV UMV program in Poland.

What is the context? Infection with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae is a key cause of pneumonia in children worldwide.Pneumococcal vaccines are available to help prevent this infection.In 2017, a pneumococcal vaccination program was introduced in Poland, free of charge for children aged less than 2 years.The impact of this vaccination program on the incidence of pneumonia hospitalizations is unknown.What is new? This study evaluated the incidence of pneumonia hospitalizations in children following the implementation of the vaccination program (2017-2018) and compared it with the incidence before implementation (2013-2016).The study was carried out in two regional hospitals and included all children aged less than 2 years hospitalized with pneumonia.Pneumonia cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes and bacterial cases were confirmed with chest x-rays.During the 2 years after the vaccination program was introduced, we observed:No clear trend in the incidence of bacterial pneumonia confirmed by chest x-ray.A statistically significant decline in the likelihood of developing other types of pneumonia among children eligible for the pneumococcal vaccination program.The incidence of pneumonia was higher in children from the region of Opole and for those who were admitted to hospital in winter and at a younger age.What is the impact? Pneumococcal vaccination might reduce the number of pneumonia hospitalizations. However, more research is needed to confirm these results.

Respiratory syncytial virus acute respiratory infections in ≥ 65-year-old adults in long-term care facilities in the Czech Republic.

OBJECTIVES: Due to immunosenescence and presence of comorbidities, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden is a major health concern in older adults, which is expected to increase with the life expectancy rise. Data on RSV burden are scarce in older adults residing in long-term care facilities, a vulnerable population living in crowded settings. Therefore, two independent prospective studies were conducted during the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 RSV seasons to assess RSV acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in ≥ 65-year-old adults residing in long-term care facilities in the Czech Republic. METHODS: RSV ARI episodes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in nasal swabs collected within 3 days of symptoms onset. The mortality and morbidity of RSV-confirmed ARIs, as well as the risk factors associated with RSV-confirmed ARIs were evaluated. RESULTS: Among 1,251 participants in the 2003-2004 season (ARI surveillance between October and March), there were no RSV-positive cases in 255 ARI and 105 LRTI episodes. Among 1,280 participants in the 2004-2005 season (ARI surveillance between October and April), there were 39 and 26 RSV-positive cases in 335 ARI and 217 LRTI episodes, respectively, and RSV-positive ARI and LRTI episode incidence rates were 45.82 and 30.40 per 1,000 person-years. Among 290 RSV-negative and 39 RSV-positive ARI cases in the 2004-2005 season, 15 and 4 hospitalizations, 188 and 26 LRTIs, and 11 and 3 deaths were reported. Risk factors associated with RSV-positive ARI were female gender (odds ratio: 4.98), chronic heart failure class II (odds ratio: 2.31) and diabetes requiring insulin treatment (odds ratio: 9.82). CONCLUSIONS: These studies showed that RSV was an important cause of ARI in older adults living in long-term care facilities in the 2004-2005 season, with fluctuating yearly incidences.

Burden of Seasonal Influenza A and B in Panama from 2011 to 2017: An Observational Retrospective Database Study.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza A and B viruses constantly evolve and cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic outbreaks. Therefore, epidemiological surveillance is critical for monitoring their circulation pattern. Trivalent and quadrivalent vaccine formulations are available in Panama (until and since 2016, respectively). Herein, we analysed influenza A and B epidemiological patterns in Panama. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive analysis of all laboratory-confirmed influenza nasopharyngeal samples recorded between 2011 and 2017 in the nationwide surveillance database of Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies. The analysis involved data relative to demographic information, virus type, subtype and lineage, geographic region, treatment and outcomes. The percentage level of mismatch between circulating and vaccine-recommended B lineage was assessed for each May-October influenza season. RESULTS: Among 1839 influenza cases, 79.6% were type A and 20.4% were type B. Most of them were observed in Panama City (54.7%) followed by the West (23.2%) and Central (16.7%) regions; across all regions, influenza A and B cases were distributed in a 4:1 ratio. Overall, approximately half were hospitalized (52.0% for type A; 45.5% for type B) and 11 (0.6%) died. Treatment, usually antimicrobial, was administered in 15.1% of cases. Children less than 2 years old were the most affected by this disease. Influenza type A circulated every year, while influenza B only circulated in 2012, 2014 and 2017. In the 2012 May-October influenza B season, the predominant lineage was B/Victoria and a switch to B/Yamagata was observed in 2014. Both lineages co-circulated in 2017, leading to a 38.9% B-lineage-level vaccine mismatch. CONCLUSION: Influenza A was predominant among all ages and children less than 2 years and inhabitants of Panama City reported the highest circulation rate. In 2017, co-circulation of both B lineages led to a vaccine mismatch. Continuous monitoring of seasonal influenza is critical to establish immunization recommendations.

Influenza or "flu" is caused by influenza viruses A and B and its symptoms range from mild to severe. This virus is constantly evolving; thus, careful monitoring of influenza is important to update immunization and vaccine recommendations yearly. This study used data from surveillance centres in Panama from 2011 to 2017 and evaluated the number of flu cases by age, gender, region, virus type, symptoms, comorbidities, treatment, coinfections with other viruses, and the circulating influenza subtype and the vaccine recommended each year. We found several points: almost 80% of cases were influenza A; most of the positive samples were found in children less than 2 years old and the Panama city region; more than 50% of influenza cases needed hospitalization; and in 2017 a mismatch was detected between the circulating influenza subtype and the recommended vaccine. This study helped to better characterize influenza circulation patterns and the burden of the disease during 2011­2017. We concluded that continuous monitoring of the influenza cases is necessary to establish future vaccination recommendations.

Trends in all-cause pneumonia and otitis media in children aged <2 years following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Colombia.

In Colombia, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were implemented into the infant universal mass vaccination program in a stepwise manner; PCV-7 between 2009 and 2011 in different geographic regions/cities, with nationwide introduction of a 10-valent vaccine (PHiD-CV) in 2012. We aimed to describe trends in all-cause pneumonia mortality and overall mortality, and in the incidence of all-cause pneumonia and otitis media (OM) in Colombian children <2 y (y = years) of age, before and after PCV introduction. We obtained mortality and incidence data, nationally and for five major cities (Bogota, Medellin, Barranquilla, Cali and Cartagena) from 2005-2016 and 2008-2016, respectively, comparing mortality and incidence proportions in the post-PCV introduction period with those in the pre-PCV period. Overall mean reductions in all-cause pneumonia mortality was observed in the post-PCV period nationally (48.8%; 95%CI: 45.5-51.8%) and in four cities including Bogota (77.1%; 71.1-81.8%) and Medellin (56.4%; 44.1-65.9%); no substantial reduction was observed in Cartagena. Similar findings were observed for overall mortality. Reductions in all-cause pneumonia incidence were observed in Bogota (66.0%; 65.5-66.6%), Medellin (40.6%; 39.3-41.9%) and Cartagena (15.0%; 11.2-18.6%), while incidence increased in Barranquilla (78.5%; 68.4-89.2%) and Cali (125.5%; 119.2-132.0%). All-cause OM incidence fell in Medellin and Bogota (42.1-51.1%) but increased (95.8%) in Barranquilla. In conclusion, overall reductions in disease outcomes were observed following PCV introduction in most cities and nationwide. Decreasing trends in outcomes were observed prior to PCV introduction, and limited data points and data reporting issues may have influenced our results. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02567747).

Incidence and mortality of pertussis disease in infants <12 months of age following introduction of pertussis maternal universal mass vaccination in Bogotá, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Maternal immunization with tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine confers protection to young infants. We aimed to describe trends in pertussis incidence and associated mortality in children aged <12 months before and after introduction of maternal Tdap immunization in Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: Data on pertussis-related cases/deaths in infants aged <12 months were collected from SIVIGILA for the period 2005-2016, and compared incidence for the pre-vaccine introduction (2005-2012) and post-maternal Tdap vaccination (2014-2016) periods in infants aged <12 months and in three distinct age-strata; ≤6 weeks, 7-<28 weeks, and 28-52 weeks. Mortality comparisons were performed in all infants <12 months. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, 2315 laboratory or clinically-confirmed pertussis cases were reported in infants <12 months of age (278 cases in young infants aged ≤6 weeks); 55 pertussis deaths were reported in children aged <12 months. No pertussis deaths were reported in the 2014-2016 period. Since maternal Tdap introduction in 2013, a consistent decline in pertussis incidence and mortality was observed. In the time-series analysis, incidence declined from 209.4/100,000 persons (2005-2012) to 49.1/100,000 persons (2014-2016) in all children <12 months; a 87.5% (95%CI: 77.2-93.2%) reduction. For these same period's incidence in young infants ≤6 weeks declined from 196.7 to 89.6/100,000 person-years (an 54.4% [95% CI: 35.4-67.9%] reduction). Greater incidence reductions were observed in older infants; 73.4% (95% CI: 68.4-77.6%) in those aged 7-<28 weeks, and 100% in those aged 28-52 weeks. A 100% reduction in Pertussis mortality in infants <12 months was observed. Since Tdap introduction, maternal vaccine coverage rose from <60% in 2013-2015 to 80% in 2016. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of maternal immunization in Bogotá may have contributed to the reduction in pertussis incidence and mortality among infants <12 months of age (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02569879). An Audio Summary linked to this article that can be found on Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12943316.

A 6-year Prospective, Observational, Multi-Center Post-Marketing Surveillance of the Safety of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Incidence of whooping cough is increasing in Korea. Since 2011, occurrence among adolescents and adults has risen putting vulnerable neonates at risk. National immunization guidelines now include Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis) vaccination during pregnancy and as a cocooning strategy (i.e., vaccinating adults and adolescents in contact with neonates). This study assessed post-marketing Tdap (Boostrix®, GSK, Belgium) vaccine safety in subjects ≥ 10 years. METHODS: This open, non-comparative multi-center study was conducted over six years at 10 hospitals in Korea. Subjects received Tdap in normal clinical practice according to local prescribing information. All adverse events (AEs) were recorded, classified as expected or unexpected, and severity and relationship to Tdap were assessed. RESULTS: The analysis included 672 Korean subjects (mean age, 44 years; range, 11-81), 451 were women and 211 were pregnant. Ninety subjects experienced 124 AEs (incidence 13.39%) of which six were serious AEs (SAEs) assessed as not related to vaccination, and 51 were non-SAEs related to vaccination (mostly administration site reactions). Overall 65/124 AEs were unexpected; the most common were 14 constipation, 5 dyspepsia, 4 common cold and 4 premature labor cases. One case of common cold was assessed as possibly related to vaccination. Pregnancy outcome was 'live infant, no apparent congenital anomaly' in 195 subjects (92.42%) or 'lost to follow-up' in 16 subjects. CONCLUSION: Tdap administration to Korean subjects ≥ 10 years, including pregnant women, for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was shown to have a well-tolerated safety profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01929291.

Post-marketing surveillance to assess the safety and tolerability of a combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTaP-IPV) in Korean children.

Infanrix-IPV (GSK, Belgium) is a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus combination vaccine (DTaP-IPV) licensed in many countries including Korea. In accordance with Korean regulations, we conducted a post-marketing surveillance (PMS) to evaluate the safety of DTaP-IPV administered to Korean children in routine immunization schedules. Children aged <7 years receiving at least one dose of DTaP-IPV either as part of a primary (3-dose) vaccination series or as a subsequent booster were enrolled. Adverse events (AEs), adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded after each dose during the 30-day post-vaccination follow-up period. Among a total of 639 children, 289 subjects (45.2%) experienced AEs, mostly (79.2%) assessed as being unlikely to be related to the vaccination. ADRs were reported in 13.0% of subjects. Fever was the most commonly reported expected AE (11.9% of subjects) and also the most commonly reported expected ADR (8.5% of subjects). No obvious association between AE incidence and vaccine dose sequence was apparent. An unexpected AE was seen in 32.9% of children, and unexpected ADRs were far less common (1.9%). Thirty-four SAEs were recorded in 26 subjects (4.1%), in two of whom a causal association with the vaccine could not be excluded, although both resolved quickly. Data from this PMS indicate that DTaP-IPV has an acceptable safety profile when given to Korean children in accordance with local prescribing recommendations in routine childhood immunization. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01568060.

A 6-year safety surveillance of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) in South Korea.

In 2010, Korea introduced 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for children aged 6 weeks to 5 years against invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F and cross-reactive 19A. The aim of this 6-year real-world study of 646 healthy Korean children from 16 centers vaccinated in routine practice is to monitor vaccine safety, as per Ministry of Food and Drug Safety regulations. Around 50% had a past or existing medical condition, 19.3% an existing condition and 7.6% received concomitant medication). Total of 489 recorded adverse events (AEs) were reported in 274 infants; 86% were mild and the rest moderate, only three were reported as serious. Most AEs (97.8%) were not related to vaccination; one case of injection-site swelling and of fever was related, two cases of fever were probably related, five cases of fever and one case each of diarrhea and coughing were possibly related. None of the serious AEs were related to vaccination. Of 11 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in 10 subjects, none were serious. Overall, 263 subjects (40.7%) received medication (mainly antibiotics or antipyretics) for the treatment of an AE, of which 6 subjects were treated for an ADR. There was no difference in the incidence of AEs according to age, sex or concomitant vaccination. Subjects with an existing medical condition had significantly more AEs than those without any conditions (p = 0.03), but no differences regarding ADRs. Four-dose vaccination with PHiD-CV appears to have a clinically-acceptable safety profile for Korean children. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01248988.

The burden of influenza A and B in Mexico from the year 2010 to 2013: An observational, retrospective, database study, on records from the Directorate General of Epidemiology database.

Despite vaccination programs, influenza still represents a significant disease burden in Mexico. We conducted an observational, retrospective analysis to better understand the epidemiological situation of the influenza virus in Mexico. Analysis of the seasonal patterns of influenza A and B were based on the Directorate General of Epidemiology dataset of influenza-like illness(ILI), and severe acute respiratory infection(SARI) that were recorded between January 2010 and December 2013. Our objectives were 1) to describe influenza A and B activity, by age group, and subtype and, 2) to analyze the number of laboratory-confirmed cases presenting with ILI by influenza type, the regional distribution of influenza, and its clinical features. Three periods of influenza activity were captured: August 2010-January 2011, December 2011-March 2012, and October 2012-March 2013. Cases were reported throughout Mexico, with 50.3% (n = 10,320) of cases found in 18-49 year olds. Over the entire capture period, a total of 76,085 ILI/SARI episodes had swab samples analyzed for influenza, 27% were positive. During the same period, influenza A cases were higher in the 18-49 years old, and influenza B cases in both 5-17 and 18-49 age groups. Peak activity occurred in January 2012 (n = 4,159) and December 2012 (n = 348) for influenza A and B respectively. This analysis confirms that influenza is an important respiratory pathogen for children and adults in Mexico despite vaccination recommendations. School-age children and adolescents were more prone to influenza B infection; while younger adults were susceptible to both influenza A and B viruses. Over the seasons, influenza A and B co-circulated.

A cross-sectional study assessing the pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in subjects aged 1-24 years in the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Meningococcal carriage is a prerequisite for invasive infection. This cross-sectional study assessed the pharyngeal carriage prevalence in healthy subjects aged 1-24 years in Embu das Artes city, São Paulo, Brazil. Pharyngeal swabs were examined for the presence of Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were tested for different serogroups using agglutination and polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression model assessed any independent association between Neisseria meningitidis carriage and various risk factors. A total of 87/967 subjects (9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.3-11.0) tested positive for N. meningitidis: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.8-9.4) in 1-4 years, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.1-13.0) in 5-9 years, 12.5% (95% CI: 7.8-18.6) in 10-14 years, 12.6% (95% CI: 7.4-19.7) in 15-19 years and 9% (95% CI: 4.9-14.9) in 20-24 years age groups. Highest carriage prevalence was observed in adolescents 10-19 years old. Serogroup C was predominant (18.4%) followed by serogroup B (12.6%). The 15-19 years age group showed a significant association between number of household members and carriers of N. meningitidis. This cross-sectional study is the first in Brazil to evaluate meningococcal carriage prevalence and associated factors in a wide age range.

Estudio prospectivo para estimar la carga de hospitalización y visitas a urgencias de la gripe en población pediátrica en Bilbao (2010-2011) / A prospective study to assess the burden of influenza-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits among children in Bilbao, Spain (2010-2011)

Introducción: El estudio se llevó a cabo para estimar la carga de enfermedad de la gripe confirmada por laboratorio en niños menores de 15 años. Pacientes y métodos: Los niños que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de Basurto con síntomas de infección respiratoria aguda y/o fiebre aislada entre noviembre de 2010 y mayo de 2011 fueron incluidos en el estudio (NCT01592799). Se tomaron 2 muestras de secreción nasofaríngea: una para un test de diagnóstico rápido en el Servicio de Urgencias y otra para análisis en laboratorio con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real y cultivo viral. Resultados: Se seleccionó a un total de 501 niños, de los que 91 fueron hospitalizados. El diagnóstico de gripe se confirmó en 131 (26,1%); 120/410 (29,3%) fueron tratados ambulatoriamente y 11/91 (12,1%), hospitalizados. En 370/501 niños (73,9%) el resultado no fue positivo. La proporción de otros virus respiratorios fue 145/501 (28,9%) casos y de coinfección con otro virus respiratorio además de gripe de 7/501 (1,4%). Los tipos de virus de gripe fueron: A (H1N1 y H3N2) 53,2% (67/126); B (Victoria y Yamagata) 46,0% (58/126); A + B 0,8% (1/126). El coste médico directo medio asociado con cada caso de gripe confirmada fue de 177,00 €(N=131). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el coste asociado con gripe A o B. Conclusión: Casi la mitad de los casos fueron virus de gripe B. La administración de una vacuna que incluya tipos A y B de gripe debería reducir la carga de la enfermedad (AU)

Introduction: This study was undertaken to estimate the burden of morbidity associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza in children below 15 years of age. Patients and methods: Children presenting with acute respiratory infection and/or isolated fever at the Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain between November 2010 and May 2011 were included in this study (NCT01592799). Two nasopharyngeal secretion samples were taken from each; one for a rapid influenza diagnostic test in the emergency department, and the second for laboratory analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction and viral culture. Results: A total of 501 children were recruited, of whom 91 were hospitalized. Influenza diagnosis was confirmed in 131 children (26.1%); 120 of 410 (29.3%) treated as outpatients and 11 of 91 (12.1%) hospitalized children. A total of 370 of 501 children (73.9%) had no laboratory test positive for influenza. The proportion of subjects with other respiratory viruses was 145/501 (28.9%) cases and co-infection with the influenza virus plus another respiratory virus was detected in 7/501 (1.4%) cases. Influenza virus types were: A (H1N1 and H3N2) 53.2% (67/126); B (Victoria and Yamagata) 46.0% (58/126); A + B 0.8% (1/126). The median direct medical costs associated with each case of laboratory-confirmed influenza was € 177.00 (N = 131). No significant differences were observed between the medical costs associated with influenza A and B. Conclusion: Almost half of the cases were influenza virus B type. The administration of a vaccine containing influenza A and B types to children below 15 years of age might reduce the overall burden of the illness (AU)

A prospective observational cohort study to assess the incidence of acute otitis media among children 0-5 years of age in Southern Brazil

Abstract Objectives: To estimate acute otitis media incidence among young children and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers in a southern Brazilian city. Methods: Prospective cohort study including children 0-5 years of age registered at a private pediatric practice. Acute otitis media episodes diagnosed by a pediatrician and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers were assessed during a 12-month follow-up. Results: During September 2008-March 2010, of 1,136 children enrolled in the study, 1074 (95%) were followed: 55.0% were ≤2 years of age, 52.3% males, 94.7% white, and 69.2% had previously received pneumococcal vaccine in private clinics. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 95.7 (95% confidence interval: 77.2-117.4) overall, 105.5 (95% confidence interval: 78.3-139.0) in children ≤2 years of age and 63.6 (95% confidence interval: 43.2-90.3) in children 3-5 years of age. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 86.3 (95% confidence interval: 65.5-111.5) and 117.1 (95% confidence interval: 80.1-165.3) among vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. Nearly 68.9% of parents reported worsening of their overall quality of life. Conclusion: Acute otitis media incidence among unvaccinated children in our study may be useful as baseline data to assess impact of pneumococcal vaccine introduction in the Brazilian National Immunization Program in April 2010.

A cross-sectional study assessing the pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in subjects aged 1-24 years in the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil.

Meningococcal carriage is a prerequisite for invasive infection. This cross-sectional study assessed the pharyngeal carriage prevalence in healthy subjects aged 1-24 years in Embu das Artes city, São Paulo, Brazil. Pharyngeal swabs were examined for the presence of Neisseria meningitidis. The isolates were tested for different serogroups using agglutination and polymerase chain reaction. A logistic regression model assessed any independent association between Neisseria meningitidis carriage and various risk factors. A total of 87/967 subjects (9%, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 7.3-11.0) tested positive for N. meningitidis: 6.2% (95% CI: 3.8-9.4) in 1-4 years, 8.5% (95% CI: 5.1-13.0) in 5-9 years, 12.5% (95% CI: 7.8-18.6) in 10-14 years, 12.6% (95% CI: 7.4-19.7) in 15-19 years and 9% (95% CI: 4.9-14.9) in 20-24 years age groups. Highest carriage prevalence was observed in adolescents 10-19 years old. Serogroup C was predominant (18.4%) followed by serogroup B (12.6%). The 15-19 years age group showed a significant association between number of household members and carriers of N. meningitidis. This cross-sectional study is the first in Brazil to evaluate meningococcal carriage prevalence and associated factors in a wide age range.

A prospective observational cohort study to assess the incidence of acute otitis media among children 0-5 years of age in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate acute otitis media incidence among young children and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers in a southern Brazilian city. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including children 0-5 years of age registered at a private pediatric practice. Acute otitis media episodes diagnosed by a pediatrician and impact on quality of life of parents/caregivers were assessed during a 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: During September 2008-March 2010, of 1,136 children enrolled in the study, 1074 (95%) were followed: 55.0% were ≤2 years of age, 52.3% males, 94.7% white, and 69.2% had previously received pneumococcal vaccine in private clinics. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 95.7 (95% confidence interval: 77.2-117.4) overall, 105.5 (95% confidence interval: 78.3-139.0) in children ≤2 years of age and 63.6 (95% confidence interval: 43.2-90.3) in children 3-5 years of age. Acute otitis media incidence per 1000 person-years was 86.3 (95% confidence interval: 65.5-111.5) and 117.1 (95% confidence interval: 80.1-165.3) among vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. Nearly 68.9% of parents reported worsening of their overall quality of life. CONCLUSION: Acute otitis media incidence among unvaccinated children in our study may be useful as baseline data to assess impact of pneumococcal vaccine introduction in the Brazilian National Immunization Program in April 2010.

Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis antibodies in adults in Hungary: results of an epidemiological cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Pertussis (whooping cough) is well known to be underreported, particularly among adults, who can act as an infectious reservoir, potentially putting susceptible newborns at risk of serious illness. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of pertussis in adults in Hungary. METHODS: This epidemiological, cross-sectional study was conducted in adults in five general practitioners' practices in Hungary. Serum anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G (anti-PT IgG) antibody levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sera were classified following manufacturer's instructions as: strongly indicative of current/recent infection (≥1.5 optical density [OD] units); indicative of current/recent infection (≥1.0 OD units); seropositive (>0.3 OD units); or seronegative (≤0.3 OD units). Logistic regression was performed to describe the associations between seroprevalence and various characteristics. RESULTS: Between 24th April 2014 and 24th April 2015, 1999 adults (60.6% female; mean age 47.4 ± 17.7 years) were included in the analysis. A total of 14.8% were seropositive for anti-PT IgG, 1.1% had a level indicative of current/recent infection, and 0.1% had a level strongly indicative of current/recent infection. Logistic regression showed significant relationships between increased rates of seropositivity and: age ≥60 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-2.80; p = .0002) or 18-29 years (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.13-2.46; p = .0094) vs. 45-59 years; former smoker (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.08-1.97; p = .014) or current smoker (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.01-1.89; p = .045) vs. never smoker; and male (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.01-1.68; p = .041) vs. female. Also, between increased rates of probable current/recent infection and current smoker (OR, 7.50; 95% CI, 2.32-24.31; p = .0008) or former smoker (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.21-13.64; p = .023) vs. never smoker. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 85% of the adults studied were seronegative and therefore susceptible to pertussis infection. Approximately 1% had anti-PT IgG levels indicative of current/recent pertussis infection, which could potentially be transmitted to susceptible young infants. Vaccination of adults is a key way to indirectly protect infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov NCT02014519 . Prospectively registered 12 December 2013.

[A prospective study to assess the burden of influenza-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits among children in Bilbao, Spain (2010-2011)]. / Estudio prospectivo para estimar la carga de hospitalización y visitas a urgencias de la gripe en población pediátrica en Bilbao (2010-2011).

INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to estimate the burden of morbidity associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza in children below 15 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children presenting with acute respiratory infection and/or isolated fever at the Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain between November 2010 and May 2011 were included in this study (NCT01592799). Two nasopharyngeal secretion samples were taken from each; one for a rapid influenza diagnostic test in the emergency department, and the second for laboratory analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction and viral culture. RESULTS: A total of 501 children were recruited, of whom 91 were hospitalized. Influenza diagnosis was confirmed in 131 children (26.1%); 120 of 410 (29.3%) treated as outpatients and 11 of 91 (12.1%) hospitalized children. A total of 370 of 501 children (73.9%) had no laboratory test positive for influenza. The proportion of subjects with other respiratory viruses was 145/501 (28.9%) cases and co-infection with the influenza virus plus another respiratory virus was detected in 7/501 (1.4%) cases. Influenza virus types were: A (H1N1 and H3N2) 53.2% (67/126); B (Victoria and Yamagata) 46.0% (58/126); A+B 0.8% (1/126). The median direct medical costs associated with each case of laboratory-confirmed influenza was €177.00 (N=131). No significant differences were observed between the medical costs associated with influenza A and B. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the cases were influenza virus B type. The administration of a vaccine containing influenza A and B types to children below 15 years of age might reduce the overall burden of the illness.

A prospective study to assess the burden of influenza-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits among children in Bilbao, Spain (2010-2011).

INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to estimate the burden of morbidity associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza in children below 15 years of age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children presenting with acute respiratory infection and/or isolated fever at the Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain between November 2010 and May 2011 were included in this study (NCT01592799). Two nasopharyngeal secretion samples were taken from each; one for a rapid influenza diagnostic test in the emergency department, and the second for laboratory analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction and viral culture. RESULTS: A total of 501 children were recruited, of whom 91 were hospitalized. Influenza diagnosis was confirmed in 131 children (26.1%); 120 of 410 (29.3%) treated as outpatients and 11 of 91 (12.1%) hospitalized children. A total of 370 of 501 children (73.9%) had no laboratory test positive for influenza. The proportion of subjects with other respiratory viruses was 145/501 (28.9%) cases and co-infection with the influenza virus plus another respiratory virus was detected in 7/501 (1.4%) cases. Influenza virus types were: A (H1N1 and H3N2) 53.2% (67/126); B (Victoria and Yamagata) 46.0% (58/126); A + B 0.8% (1/126). The median direct medical costs associated with each case of laboratory-confirmed influenza was €177.00 (N = 131). No significant differences were observed between the medical costs associated with influenza A and B. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the cases were influenza virus B type. The administration of a vaccine containing influenza A and B types to children below 15 years of age might reduce the overall burden of the illness.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El estudio se llevó a cabo para estimar la carga de enfermedad de la gripe confirmada por laboratorio en niños menores de 15 años. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Los niños que acudieron al Hospital Universitario de Basurto con síntomas de infección respiratoria aguda y/o fiebre aislada entre noviembre de 2010 y mayo de 2011 fueron incluidos en el estudio (NCT01592799). Se tomaron 2 muestras de secreción nasofaríngea: una para un test de diagnóstico rápido en el Servicio de Urgencias y otra para análisis en laboratorio con reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real y cultivo viral. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionó a un total de 501 niños, de los que 91 fueron hospitalizados. El diagnóstico de gripe se confirmó en 131 (26,1%); 120/410 (29,3%) fueron tratados ambulatoriamente y 11/91 (12,1%), hospitalizados. En 370/501 niños (73,9%) el resultado no fue positivo. La proporción de otros virus respiratorios fue 145/501 (28,9%) casos y de coinfección con otro virus respiratorio además de gripe de 7/501 (1,4%). Los tipos de virus de gripe fueron: A (H1N1 y H3N2) 53,2% (67/126); B (Victoria y Yamagata) 46,0% (58/126); A + B 0,8% (1/126). El coste médico directo medio asociado con cada caso de gripe confirmada fue de 177,00 € (N = 131). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el coste asociado con gripe A o B. CONCLUSIÓN: Casi la mitad de los casos fueron virus de gripe B. La administración de una vacuna que incluya tipos A y B de gripe debería reducir la carga de la enfermedad.